A&P Study Guide 

Remember that midterms weigh 20% of your grade and if you have excessive absences then you will need to pass the midterm in order to receive a passing grade for the course.

Basic strategies for success:

In order to perform your best on the midterm exam, I would recommend reviewing your notes from this term.  You should not spend a lot of time reviewing areas that you know and understand, but instead move on and focus on areas that you do not understand.  As you are reviewing, highlight/take note of areas that you do not understand.  We will have question and answer time on Monday to clarify any areas that need special attention. You will also get all tests/quizzes back and you should take time to review these materials.  Then as time permits, go into your textbook and review the chapter summaries at the end of each chapter.  If there is a topic that you do not feel confident about, you can then turn to the suggested page numbers to read about that specific topic in depth. (You do not need to visit chapters in order, instead start with the chapter that you understood least.)

Chapter 1: The Human Body: An Orientation

• You should be able to provide definitions of anatomy and physiology and explain how they work together (You should also recognize descriptions of each ex: dissection is an example of anatomy where measuring blood glucose levels is an example of physiology)
• Name the levels of structural organization that make up the human body and how they are related 
• List organ systems of the human body and the describe the general function of each 
• If given an organ, be able to place it into correct organ system (example: kidney belongs to urinary system)
• Identify human organs in pictures
• Functions that humans must perform in order to maintain life and Survival needs of human body
• Define homeostasis and describe its importance in the human body
• What happens to the body if it does not maintain homeostasis?
• Explain negative feedback and how it maintains homeostasis and normal body function
• Describe anatomical position and its importance in fields of anatomical and physiological studies and practice
• Be able to use proper anatomical terminology to describe body directions (ex: superior, anterior, etc.), Regional anatomy terms (cervical=neck, occipital=posterior head, etc.), and body planes (ex: transverse)
• Locate the major body cavities and classify major body organs into each cavity.
  

• Define matter and energy (recognize examples of potential and kinetic in the human body)
• List 4 forms of energy in the human body and provide examples of each
• Energy is easily converted from one form to another in the human body.  Be able to list/ recognize examples. Heat=lost energy? 
• How is the periodic table organized? Be able to use it to find subatomic particles
• Atomic structure (sketch an atom)
• Isotopes and radioisotopes- used for medical imaging
• Molecules and Compounds (ionic and covalent)
• Patterns of chemical reactions
• Distinguish between organic and inorganic compounds
• Basic properties/characteristics of the following inorganic compoundswater, salts,acids and bases
• The pH scale
• Basic properties/characteristics of Organic compounds: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Chapter 3: Cells and Tissues

• Overview of the cellular basis of life (major elements in cell structure, electrolytes, interstitial fluid)
• Anatomy of a generalized cell (nucleus, plasma membrane, cytoplasm)
• Location and functions of cellular organelles (mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, cytoskeleton, centrioles)
• Cell diversity (How does the cell shape refect its function in the body?)
• Cell Physiology (The fluid environment- solution, solvent, solutes, intracellular fluid, interstitial fluid, selective permeability, Passive transport processes and how they operate, Active transport processes and how they opperate)
• Cell Division
• Protein Synthesis
• 4 Major Tissue Types: Epithelial, Connective, Muscle and Nervous (Special characteristics, descriptions, locations, and functions of each)

   Chapter 4: The Integumentary System

• Review all new material.  You have not yet been tested on Chapter 4. 
• You should have notes outlined already that we took together.  Start there and then read any portion in the text that you need further explanation. 

Get plenty of sleep, eat breakfast/lunch and Good Luck!